Where to Find Wi-Fi Hotspots

The Wi-Fi hotspot is nothing short of a phenomenon for
wireless computing. Since it made the internet publicly
available, this technology enabled laptops to be truly
mobile computers.

While not every country has picked up on this technology
yet, there are several major cities and areas in the world
where it has been adapted. Below is a list of some of the
typical places where you can find Wi-Fi hotspots.

1. Coffee shops

- have gained popularity as places where people can meet
and have a good cup of coffee. But today, coffee shops have
now also become hubs for internet users. The good thing
here is that, they offer free and unlimited internet
connection to their patrons usually by just making a
minimum purchase.

2. Hotels

- more and more hotels offer this service which is mainly
geared towards business travellers. They can be accessed in
hotel rooms and lobbies. The only downside here is that
they are usually paid separately from the room rates and
can be quite expensive.

3. Airports

- Wi-Fi hotspots can now be found in major international
airports. This is also mainly geared towards business
travellers who may want to check their e-mail just before
boardingthe plane.

While hotspots are great places to get free internet
connection, people should also be aware that most of them
are unsecure.

It means that the data that anyone sends through the
network may be read by hackers and could be used for
criminal activities such as identity theft. Users can
protect themselves by not visiting websites that require
sensitive information when connected to unsecure networks.

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What You Need to Connect to Wi-Fi Hotspots

Most modern laptops, mobile phones and PDAs are Wi-Fi
enabled which makes them easier to use in Wi-Fi hotspots
without modifying the software and hardware of their
gadget.

But for those that are not equipped with the needed tools
to connect to a hotspot, here are some things that they
should have in order to do so.

1. Wireless adapter

- this is the primary requirement in being able to connect
to a hotspot. The wireless adapter is the one that
transmits data to and from the computer. Again, most modern
laptops are equipped with this. But for those without an
adapter, they can buy a wireless card or even a USB adapter
as an add-on.

2. Have the same IEEE802.11 protocol as the hotspot

- IEEE802.11 is a standard used by Wi-Fi. Under this are
different protocols that address specific wireless
networking needs such as speed and range. Although modern
wireless adapters are backward compatible, meaning they can
handle new as well as old protocols, older ones may have
problems connecting to hotspots using a protocol different
from what they use.

Therefore one has to make sure that either his/her laptop
is compatible to the one used by the hotspot, or get a
laptop that supports different protocols to connect to
different hotspots easily.

3. A good location in order to connect to a hotspot

- one also has to be within the hotspot’s range. The rule
of thumb when connecting to a hotspot is that the closer
one is to the source, the better. Laptops usually indicate
the signal strength so finding a good range should be easy.

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The IEEE802.11 Standard and Its Protocols

It was in 1997 when the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created the standard for
wireless local area networks (WLANs).
The standard became known as IEEE802.11, with the 802.11
coming from the name of the group who oversaw its
development. Under this standard are several protocols
developed over the years.

Below is a list of them.

1. 802.11

- also known as the Legacy protocol, this is the original
protocol created in 1997. It operates at 2.4 GHz and has a
data rate of 1 and 2 Mbit/s. Its range was limited to 20 m
and 100 m, in indoor and outdoor settings, respectively.

2. 802.11a

- was released in 1999. It operates at 5 GHz to move away
from the 2.4 GHz operating frequency of the Legacy. Its
range only offers a slight improvement from its predecessor
with a range of 35 m indoors and 120 m outdoors. It is,
however, fast with a data rate of 54 Mbit/s.

3. 802.11b

- also released in 1999. Just like the Legacy, it operates
at 2.4 GHz. It has a slightly greater range than the
802.11a, but is slower. The b only has a data rate of 11
Mbit/s.

4. 802.11g

- marries the characteristics of the a and the b. It has a
data rate of 54 Mbit/s like a and has the same range as the
b with 38 m indoors and 140 m outdoors. It was released in
2003.

5. 802.11n

- is set to be released on June 2009. It can operate on
either 2.4 or 5 GHz frequencies. It is fast with a data
rate of 248 Mbit/s and has an indoor range of 70 m and up
to 250 m outdoors.
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The History of Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a relatively new type of technology that is just
starting to attract a wide following worldwide. Some
consider it to be one of the most significant innovations
in technology since the internet came to the mainstream.

Because of it, computers are now able to connect to the
internet and to other computers wirelessly.

The precursor of today’s Wi-Fi was developed sometime in
the early 1990s by the Netherlands-based company NCR
Corporation/AT&T (which later became known as Lucent &
Agere Systems). Called WaveLAN, it was originally intended
to be used in cash registers.

Several competing standards prevented the immediate success
of having wireless networks. However, with the development
of the IEEE 802.11 standard and the release of its first
protocol in 1997, this technology slowly but surely came
into the mainstream.

Since then, several protocols were released and several
more will be released to address issues such as range and
speed.

The first protocol released in 1997, now known as the
Legacy mode, operated in the 2.4 GHz frequency. The
throughput and data rate are slow by today’s standards,
with only 0.9 and 2 Mbit/s, respectively. 802.11 a and b
came two years later in 1999 with the a protocol offering
faster speeds while the b provided a wider range.

The elements of the two were later merged in 2003 when the
802.11g protocol was released. The new protocol offered the
speed of the a and the range of the b.

Newer protocols are currently under development. The n, set
to be released mid-2009 provides greater speeds and almost
double the range of the a/b/g protocols. Another one, the
802.11y, is set to be released in mid-2008 has the same
speed as the g protocol although the y has an outdoor range
of as much as 5 kilometers.
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wi-Fi

Just like everything else in the world, Wi-Fi has its set
of advantages and disadvantages. Below is a low down of how
Wi-Fi may or may not work for you.

The biggest thing that attracts people to Wi-Fi is that one
can find a wireless connection almost everywhere, in larger
cities at least. This aspect makes mobile computing a
reality.

Aside from that, one can connect to a Wi-Fi network for
free or for a minimal fee. There are coffee shops and
restaurants that offer this connection to their patrons in
exchange for a minimum purchase.

Also, there are cities and municipalities where Wi-Fi is
offered for free. This service is often offered by local
governments although sometimes they also work with
broadband providers to create the infrastructure for this.

Then there’s Wi-Fi’s downside. First of all, its range is
very limited. Unless an area has several hotspots, one has
to be as near the source of the signal as possible.
Otherwise, the connection would be terrible.

Even the next generation of IEEE802.11 protocol, the
802.11n, can only offer a range of 250 m outdoors.

There are also security concerns regarding the use of
public Wi-Fi networks. Since these networks are
intentionally or unintentionally unsecure, malicious users
can sniff the data of other people sent and received by
others in the network and use it for criminal purposes such
as identity theft.

But this can be addressed by having an antivirus program
and a firewall installed on an individual’s computer.

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